Conference to Address Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia Issues
Source American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America
Matt Helmers, Ph.D., of Iowa State University, and member of the Soil Science Society of America, will be part of a panel discussion, “Hypoxia Issues in the Gulf of Mexico,” Wednesday, Nov. 6, 2013. The presentation is part of the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America and the Soil Science Society of America annual Meetings, Nov. 3-6 in Tampa, Fla. The theme of this year’s conference is “Water, Food, Energy, & Innovation for a Sustainable World.”
The Mississippi River Basin is home to much of the U.S.’s fertile crop land. The production of food and energy crops has led to an increase in the levels of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus in water sources. Increasing nutrient levels affects rivers, lakes and oceans. Single-cell plants called phytoplankton feed off the increased nutrients starting a cascade of events that lead to low oxygen levels in the water bodies. This low oxygen condition is called hypoxia. The result is dying fish and a poor ecosystem, called a “dead zone.”
The dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico, where the Mississippi meets the ocean, has received much attention in the last decade, and led to the creation of the Mississippi River/Gulf of Mexico Watershed Nutrient Task Force.
“We need to see an increase in the rate of implementing practices that lower nutrient export,” says Helmers. “Cover crops not only decrease the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus leaving the fields, but they improve the soil in other ways. Subsurface drainage bioreactors—often called wood chip trenches—and specialized wetland systems also reduce nutrient export.”
Helmers admits the “challenges are more complex than changing the inputs to our crops,” such as corn and soybean. And, because there are not short-term financial gains to most of the practices that reduce nutrient export, the industry may be slower to adopt change. “If we don’t show reduced nitrogen and phosphorus export, we may see regulation.”
Helmers is part of the Iowa team working to develop and implement Iowa’s management plans. Currently, Mississippi, Iowa, Wisconsin, Indiana and Ohio, have plans in place. Seven states still need to finish their plans.
Source: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America
